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Re: Australian Academics branded anti American over research findings
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Originally Posted by Jerry
But returning to our race debate, I would warn against falsely assuming that blacks are scoring lower IQ scores because of genetics so long as significant differences in the quality of education between black and white exist, and have historically.
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I do not make any such assumptions. I believe that there is a division between genetics (Brain size etc...) and the effects of environment. I tend to share the conclusions of the following study though the numerical division is not certain to me...
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A 60-page review of the scientific evidence, some based on state-of-the-art magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain size, has concluded that race differences in average IQ are largely genetic. The lead article in the June 2005 issue of Psychology, Public Policy and Law, a journal of the American Psychological Association, examined 10 categories of research evidence from around the world to contrast "a hereditarian model (50% genetic-50% cultural) and a culture-only model (0% genetic-100% cultural)."
The paper, "Thirty Years of Research on Race Differences in Cognitive Ability," by J. Philippe Rushton of the University of Western Ontario and Arthur R. Jensen of the University of California at Berkeley, appeared with a positive commentary by Linda Gottfredson of the University of Delaware, three critical ones (by Robert Sternberg of Yale University, Richard Nisbett of the University of Michigan, and Lisa Suzuki & Joshua Aronson of New York University), and the authors' reply.
"Neither the existence nor the size of race differences in IQ are a matter of dispute, only their cause," write the authors. The Black-White difference has been found consistently from the time of the massive World War I Army testing of 90 years ago to a massive study of over 6 million corporate, military, and higher-education test-takers in 2001.
"Race differences show up by 3 years of age, even after matching on maternal education and other variables," said Rushton. "Therefore they cannot be due to poor education since this has not yet begun to exert an effect. That's why Jensen and I looked at the genetic hypothesis in detail. We examined 10 categories of evidence."
1. The Worldwide Pattern of IQ Scores. East Asians average higher on IQ tests than Whites, both in the U. S. and in Asia, even though IQ tests were developed for use in the Euro-American culture. Around the world, the average IQ for East Asians centers around 106; for Whites, about 100; and for Blacks about 85 in the U.S. and 70 in sub-Saharan Africa.
2. Race Differences are Most Pronounced on Tests that Best Measure the General Intelligence Factor (g). Black-White differences, for example, are larger on the Backward Digit Span test than on the less g loaded Forward Digit Span test.
3. The Gene-Environment Architecture of IQ is the Same in all Races, and Race Differences are Most Pronounced on More Heritable Abilities. Studies of Black, White, and East Asian twins, for example, show the heritability of IQ is 50% or higher in all races.
4. Brain Size Differences. Studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) find a correlation of brain size with IQ of about 0.40. Larger brains contain more neurons and synapses and process information faster. Race differences in brain size are present at birth. By adulthood, East Asians average 1 cubic inch more cranial capacity than Whites who average 5 cubic inches more than Blacks.
5. Trans-Racial Adoption Studies. Race differences in IQ remain following adoption by White middle class parents. East Asians grow to average higher IQs than Whites while Blacks score lower. The Minnesota Trans-Racial Adoption Study followed children to age 17 and found race differences were even greater than at age 7: White children, 106; Mixed-Race children, 99; and Black children, 89.
6. Racial Admixture Studies. Black children with lighter skin, for example, average higher IQ scores. In South Africa, the IQ of the mixed-race "Colored" population averages 85, intermediate to the African 70 and White 100.
7. IQ Scores of Blacks and Whites Regress toward the Averages of Their Race. Parents pass on only some exceptional genes to offspring so parents with very high IQs tend to have more average children. Black and White children with parents of IQ 115 move to different averages--Blacks toward 85 and Whites to 100.
8. Race Differences in Other "Life-History" Traits. East Asians and Blacks consistently fall at two ends of a continuum with Whites intermediate on 60 measures of maturation, personality, reproduction, and social organization. For example, Black children sit, crawl, walk, and put on their clothes earlier than Whites or East Asians.
9. Race Differences and the Out-of-Africa theory of Human Origins. East Asian-White-Black differences fit the theory that modern humans arose in Africa about 100,000 years ago and expanded northward. During prolonged winters there was evolutionary selection for higher IQ created by problems of raising children, gathering and storing food, gaining shelter, and making clothes.
10. Do Culture-Only Theories Explain the Data? Culture-only theories do not explain the highly consistent pattern of race differences in IQ, especially the East Asian data. No interventions such as ending segregation, introducing school busing, or "Head Start" programs have reduced the gaps as culture-only theory would predict.
In their article, Rushton and Jensen also address some of the policy issues that stem from their conclusions. Their main recommendation is that people be treated as individuals, not as members of groups. They emphasized that their paper pertains only to average differences. They also called for the need to accurately inform the public about the true nature of individual and group differences, genetics and evolutionary biology.
Rushton and Jensen are well-known for research on racial differences in intelligence. Jensen hypothesized a genetic basis for Black-White IQ differences in his 1969 Harvard Educational Review article. His later books Bias in Mental Tests (1980) and The g Factor (1998), as well as Rushton's (1995) Race, Evolution, and Behavior, show that tests are not biased against English speaking minorities and that Black-White-East Asian differences in brain size and IQ belong in an evolutionary framework.
SOURCE: 'Black-White-East Asian IQ differences at least 50 percent genetic, scientists conclude in major law journal' - 25 Apr 2005 - Contact: Dr. J. Phillipe Rushton - Charles Darwin Research Institute - http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releas...-bai042505.php
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Originally Posted by Jerry
It's not surprising that whites adopted by whites who live in a white state (13:1) and are sent to white schools have higher IQ scores than blacks adopted by whites who live in a white state and are sent to white schools. What is more telling to me is despite these conditions "the average IQ of "socially classified" Black children was greater than the U.S. White mean" (Wiki).
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The problem with this is by age 17 the black students regressed back to the Africanised mean of an 80 range score. By age 17 students with subjects two black parents scored an average of 89 (A minor increase in IQ) while mixed raced children (Black and white) scored 99 while the adopted children with two white biological parents scored 109.
While at age 7 blacks subjects improved their score to 97 about three points on average less then the white average mean of the nation. BUT!!! The white subjects also improved their scores to overshoot the black subjects by 10 points. By age 17 the IQ's of the whites dropped by 6 points! So they the white subjects had a drop as well which certainly could not be excused by the lack of 'white school' education.
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Originally Posted by Jerry
Again, there is nothing surprising here. The "head start" program probably equates with a better white school, and three years after leaving the program and returning to a typical underfunded black school their IQ scores had dropped.
I mean, what part of this scenario isn't absolutely screaming "environment factors" from the rooftop?
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Originally Posted by Jerry
It's pretty obvious. There's absolutely no mention of non-home environmental factors, which would include schooling quality. This isn't a factor?
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IQ is not geared toward measuring book learning knowledge or ABC's but is geared toward general reasoning outside of formal education so this defence strikes me as rather weak in humble opinion. In fact blacks from wealthy families have failed to outscore whites on IQ tests who live in poor neighbourhoods with poor families:
Intelligence is a very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience. It is not merely book learning, a narrow academic skill, or test-taking smarts. Rather, it reflects a broader and deeper capability for comprehending our surroundings -- "catching on," "making sense" of things, or "figuring out" what to do.
*snip*
Racial-ethnic differences are somewhat smaller but still substantial for individuals from the same socioeconomic backgrounds. To illustrate, black students from prosperous families tend to score higher in IQ than blacks from poor families, but they score no higher, on average, than whites from poor families.
SOURCE: 'Mainstream Science on Intelligence' - The Wall Street Journal - Tuesday, December 13, 1994.
http://www.lrainc.com/swtaboo/taboos/wsj_main.html
Last edited by Frank; 08-06-2006 at 09:23 AM.
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