Who would've won? Probably Africa and South America.

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“If you want to make an apple pie from scratch, you must first create the universe.” - Carl Sagan

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Ahem this is why I just have to laugh at posters like pro USA. Clearly he hasn't read any of the recent news stories concerning oil and gas and who has it.

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The universe grows smaller every day and the threat of aggression by any group anywhere can no longer be tolerated. There must be security for all or no one is secure... - Klaatu

Well, that's extremely vague "Back In Time", and as being such, the context and extending environments offer a number of different possible scenarios. However, for the large part, both were equally dedicated and prepared for the worst possible outcome, a large scale war on a global scale with vested interests worldwide, as well as Europe being in the direct cross hair and under threat of determining the outcome of the entire western civilization or being defeated by communism. Regardless, of any outcome, the World and Europe would not look alike as we know it as they do today. With that being said, however, by the end of World War 2 with Hitler defeated and the Third Reich dismantled both the Allies and Russians were war weary. With Americans unable or simply unwilling to fight another bloody war, especially in Europe, with the possible outcome being further decades of prolonged bloodshed. At the time, luckily, the Russians were in ruins and lacked the industrialized foundation and transformation needed to fight the Allies and further down the Rhine towards the west to Flanders. Nor, capable of sustaining another decade of war with a threat from the Skies they have never seen before. Not till the early days of the war, of 41', in which the Russians were badly outnumbered. Hardly comparable to the large fixed bomber platforms of the Americans. It is to say, during that time, the Allies could have done quite a bit of damage on the over-stretched and exhausted Soviets, of course, as much would allow. With the duration being short lived. Remember, the Allies were hardly in the position to attrition and the Soviets had just basically seen and overcame the worst on the Eastern Front. So, the Soviets were well accustomed, on any front, of such brutality. However, with sheer American strategic capability of the time and advantage over the skies as well as the American, British and rest of the allies control of the seas, globally, how well accustomed were they? American strategic and global might of the Allies could have effectively pushed the Soviets damn near extinction. However, due to the Americans as well as the Allies unwillingness and frankly incapability of such sacrifices it's likely to assume that the resulting outcome could have resided atomic, as opposed to prolonged conflict and destruction. But due to the subsequent decision regrading Japan with them hardly in the position of the soviets and unable to further Europe into destruction and subsequently occupation. It's very likely that we could have seen the use of nuclear weapons against the Soviets as well. To the extent, well, which is unknown due the lack of understanding and perceived intentions of the outcome. However, one thing is sure, there would no winners. Only defeat. With the others only spared.

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Jn 4:14
I have my own Kingdom. You may live in it.

Don't count on it. At various points in history, the regimes in South America would have had cause to join in the fracas/be targets.

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"Jesus said: I have cast fire upon the world, and behold I guard it until it is ablaze."
Gospel of Thomas

However, what would be interesting to see, how well CVBG's in the Northern Atlantic would be able to project under the threat of a large number of Russian Bombers and Fighters. As well as dozens and dozens of Kilo's. I'm sure, regardless of any ground war, that NATO would have it's hand full controlling the seas. Especially, with the abundant amount of deadly Ashm's that the Russians were equipped with, that could be launched from Fixed-Wing, as well as dozens and dozens of OSCAR's. That would be a quite interesting scenario. With the limited amount of Eagles from Iceland and UK. With the majority of the Air Force tied up in Europe. The Tomcats were groomed for the job. Mach 2+ and Phoenix AAM'.

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Jn 4:14
I have my own Kingdom. You may live in it.

I think the cockroaches would have won.

NATO: i think nearly 30 millions soldiers (fullly mobilized, cant find real numbers on nato ) but i know that soviet had 50 mill mobilized russians spend almost every coin on tanks and towed artilery , nato spent more on aircrafts in counterpart so a war between soviet and US will be serios total destruction , but we know from 2 world war that if u push US to much they send nukes at u :P. so i think maybe in infantry that soviet is immortal (to say it that way) but we did have more Airborne stuffs and i know that air is most effective that land- based stuffs , nato did always have 2k nukes more that soviet . so i will say to the end Victory for NATO and FREEDOM FOREVER !!! ;P

Assuming nukes are off the table. Depends on the time period.

1945-1950: Even with superior numbers and armor (the T-34 was better than anything we had), our overwhelming, coordinated air power, tactics, and logistical strength would have more than made up for any soviet ground advantage. The Soviets greatest advantage against the Nazis, the ability to muster overwhelming amounts of meat and machinery hundreds of miles from the front and throw it into the breach would be lost to our fleets of B-29's and B-36's

1950-1960: By this time, the West had disarmed to the point of being a speed bump to Soviet ground forces, but by this time what we had made WW2 leftovers a liability, severely limiting any breakout. Our air power still would have ruled the day, and the Navy and Marines would have had great fun popping up in inconvenient places.

1960-70: Things start getting dicey, as the Soviets had largely caught up in the air department, between fighters, SAMs, and maritime patrol. Between those cruise missile bearing Bears and new subs the Navy would have had its hands full as well. But by this time the West Germans could have helped. It would have been a gut check, and come down to who wanted it more.

70-80's: Things start turning again, as our 4th gen fighters take to the skys, B-52's , and LA class subs hit the water.

80-90's: Things fall apart for the Ruskies, as B-1s and cruise missiles, nimitz carriers, and Abrams tanks come of the line.

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January 21, 2013: The End of an ERROR.

"Only a virtuous people are capable of freedom. As nations become more corrupt and vicious, they have more need of masters."
"When the people find that they can vote themselves money, that will herald the end of the republic."
"The Constitution only gives people the right to pursue happiness. You have to catch it yourself."
---Benjamin Franklin